From 18, the Shawnee chief Tecumseh sought to unite the Northwestern tribes against the American expansion into their lands. Although treaties between the US Government and American Indian tribes banned settlement and military occupation of tribal lands, these treaties were disregarded. In the Old Northwest Territory, consisting of the state of Ohio and the territories of Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin, settlers were encroaching on American Indian lands. President Thomas Jefferson responded with the Embargo Act of 1807 and his successor James Madison continued with the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 to stop exports to those warring powers. Numerous American citizens were pressed into services in the British Royal Navy and American merchant ships and cargo were seized by both sides. The fledgling United States, while trading supplies with both France and Great Britain, found itself in the middle of the conflict as the European countries vied for supremacy on the Atlantic. From the 1790s to the early 1800s, wars raged between France and the world.
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